Running water at a high gradient scours out canyons, gorges, gulches and ravines. Factors affecting erosion, transportation and deposition. Excessive erosion can threaten the production of agricultural and forest products. Results provide a case study for comparative analyses of regional variations in erosion control efforts, and may be useful in improving the effectiveness of government assistance programs.
The increase in crop yields and other desirable characters are related to genetic make up of plants. Mar 19, 2004 accelerated soil erosion is one of the major constraints to agricultural production in many parts of the tanzanian highlands. Turbulent flow results in more erosion and transportation and this form of flow increases with an increase in a rivers energy. Although several soil and water conservation technologies have been developed and promoted, the adoption of many recommended measures is minimal and soil erosion continues to be a problem. Primary factors affecting water quality and quantity in. Factors affecting sheet and rill erosion smith 1957. The amount and intensity of precipitation is the main climatic factor governing soil erosion by water.
Soil erosion by water 9sheet erosion soil is eroded uniformly across a slope 9rill erosion numerous tiny gullies rills randomly occur. Lack of awareness of soil erosion and sociocultural, institutional, structural, economic, environmental and institutional issues were constraining factors. Evaluation of factors influencing water erosion in west africa using rainfall simulation. Inherent factors affecting soil ph inherent factors that affect soil ph include climate, mineral content, and soil texture. The goal of this chapter is to describe the basic principles of water erosion including types, processes, factors, and causes. Environment agency thinksoils factors that influence erosion and runoff generic soil groups chalk and limestone soils factors that influence erosion and runoff 18 generic soils groups chalk and limestone soils 3 shallow chalk and limestone soils these thin soils are less than 30cm deep. Water erosion causes severe soil damage in northern forests of iran which is associated with different rut depths in skid trails. Ruthless felling has exposed soils to direct effects of rain, snow and drought and has set in soil deterioration of the gully and. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. What are some factors which influence soil fertility. Here are some factors that influence soil fertility. Causes, effects and types of erosion water, wind, glacier. This case study explores factors involved with the adoption of swc technologies within. Rainfall is the most forceful factor causing erosion through splash and excessive run off.
The following factors affect the rivers energy and ability to erode, transport and deposit its load. Erosion may also impact water conveyance and storage structures, and. Weathering is where rock is broken down and dissolved into tiny particles by chemical, physical and. Influencing factors and their interactions of water erosion based on. The factors having a direct effect on soil erosion are atmospheric prec i p it at i o n water erosion and w i n d wind erosion.
Slow geological process of construction and destruction is going on the surface of earth for millions of years because earth is old enough and has been completely leveled by weathering and erosion. In a broad sense, over a time scale long enough that storage changes average out are negligible, and over a region large enough or with boundary defined. This includes rainfall characteristics, atmospheric temperature and wind velocity 2. Weathering types of weathering, factors affecting weathering. Contaminants can impair water quality and affect water use. Factors controlling variations in river sediment loads.
Soil formation five factors of soil formation rocks parent. Many factors affect the quality of surface and groundwater. What are the factors influencing the rate of erosion by a. Soil characteristic which affect infiltration rate of soil, infiltration. Soils with low clay content are less cohesive and are inherently more unstable. Meader belts of the mississippi river in louisiana.
Water erosion is due to dispersive and transporting power of water. The soil dust that winds carry can affect the earths atmospheric composition and contribute to climate change. The main factors influencing soil erosion include the net rain excess, the water depth, the velocity, the shear stress of overland flows, and the erosion resisting capacity of soil. Erosion factors affecting soil erosion agriculture. Geological survey usgs water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets webb program, four small watersheds in eastern puerto rico were monitored to identify and evaluate the effects of. The aim of this work is to study the dominant factors influencing soil erosion and temporal change.
This restricts movement of water through the soil and increases the risk of runoff. Factors controlling variations in river sediment loads g. Many vegetation and soil properties affect the risk of erosion. The rate and magnitude of soil erosion by water is controlled by the following factors. Susceptibility to wind erosion is related rather definitely to the moisture content of soils. Primary factors affecting water quality and quantity in four. Environment agency thinksoils factors that influence erosion and runoff generic soil groups sandy and light silty soils. Deposition follows erosion and because of deposition too, changes occur on the surface of. Water moving over or under the land surface can undergo physical and chemical changes. Factors affecting farmers participation in watershed. The increase in population has driven the populace to inhabit marginal frontiers.
Physical factors affecting runoff the general climatic regime controls the total volume of runoff in any region through its effect on the water balance. Jun 22, 2012 classification of erosiondepending upon the erosion causing factors a wind erosion. The widespread occurrence of water erosion combined with the severity of onsite and offsite impacts have made water erosion the focus of soil conservation efforts in ontario. Impacts of erosion on soil, air, and water quality. Factors influencing the adoption of soil and water. With these changes, soil erosion has been identified as a significant challenge in both developing and developed countries. Pdf evaluation of factors influencing water erosion in west. Similarly, there were several factors that were barriers to full scale implementation of soil and water conservation techniques in usa in the 1980s dialla, 1992. Water erosion may occur within rills, interrill areas the regions between rills, gullies, ephemeral gullies, stream channels, forest areas, and construction sites. Which of the following is not a major factor affecting soil development and its eventual productivity. The biggest factors that affect water quality the only thing more important than having access to water itself is that your water is clean and safe for drinking. Frost action also takes place in the forspaces of rocks and causes disintegration and splitting of rocks into fragments. However, despite the prospect of land degradation, not every farmer cultivating on unleveled ground will practice soil and water conservation swc technologies.
There are several factors which affect the farmers participation in the. Climatic factors which includes rainfall characteristics, atmospheric temperature and wind velocity. Factors that affect water erosion from construction areas. These changes may be caused by either natural factors or human activities. Laminaris a horizontal movement of water in a river with minimal vertical mixing the water is in layer, such a form of flow would result in minimal erosion and more deposition. Pdf effect of soil and water conservation measures and. The amount and intensity of rainfall and wind velocity. Current work to define the factors involved in erosioncontrol measures and the relative efficiencies ot such measures are discussed. Clay minerals are moved by water from near the soil surface to deeper in the developing profile. Interactive factors affecting erosion in unsurfaced roads.
Thus there is more erosion at the river source than its mouth. Pdf abstract more than 90% of the road network in developing countries is unpaved and comprises of either gravel or earth roads. What affects the quality of surface and groundwater. The relationship is particularly strong if heavy rainfall occurs at times when, or in locations where, the soils surface is not well protected by vegetation. Soil erosion by water 9sheet erosion soil is eroded uniformly across a slope 9rill erosion numerous tiny gullies rills. This affect infiltration rate of soil, infiltration rate depends upon permeability of soil, surface condition and presence of moisture in it. As the proportion of clay increases, the size of the pore space decreases.
Slow infiltration rates, impedes downward movement of water. For successful implementation of the watershed program, it is essential to ensure peoples participation. Pdf evaluation of factors influencing water erosion in west africa. Granite regions sometimes lead to the development of vleis which are water logged since granite is impermeable thus favouring. Factors affecting adoption of soil and water conservation practices in the case of damota watershed, wolaita zone, southern, ethiopia. Chakrapani department of earth sciences, indian institute of technology, roorkee 247 667, india sediment transfer from continents to oceans via rivers is one of the important processes regulating riverbank stabilization, soil formation, biogeochemical cycling of. Rock weathering is greatly affected by the following parameters.
Soil is directly affected by heavy rainfall, rapidly running water and by wave action. Social and economic factors affecting the adoption of soil and water conservation in west usambara highlands, tanzania. Factors affecting species and habitats 2016 oregon department of fish and wildlife. Factors affecting sheet and rill erosion smith 1957 eos. The major factor is control of runoff water during the construction period. Factors affecting domestic water consumption in rural.
Water erosion is caused by the detachment and transport of soil by rainfall, runoff, melting snow or ice, and irrigation. High yielding ability early maturity resistance to lodging. Rainfall characteristics, soil factors, topography, climate, and land use are important elements affecting soil erosion. Jul 16, 2016 wind erosion occurs over more than one third of the earths surface. Laws 1940, 1941 began study of effects of rainfall impact on erosion, which included measuring the fall velocities of water and raindrops and the drop. Relationship between available water and texture ohio agronomy guide, 14th ed.
Factors that influence erosion soils precipitation vegetation surface area slope length slope gradient surface texture. Dec 27, 2017 here are some factors that influence soil fertility. The biggest factor affecting coastal erosion is the strength of the waves breaking along the coastline. Factors influencing bank geomorphology and erosion of the. Water erosion is the detachment and removal of soil material by water.
The two common erosionproducing factors are flowing water and wind. The gradient of the channel determines a rivers ability to erode, transport and deposit its load. Water erosion is the wearing away of the soil surface by water from rain, runoff, snowmelt. The loose and dissolved materials move from one location to another. The runoff is clearly a function of precipitation, its intensity, its duration and its coverage. Erosion due to water runoff is one of the major factors that lead to poor soil productivity in subsaharan africa. Ploughing leaves a much rougher surface than when soil is cultivated by. Moving water, thawing ice, hard winds, gravityall these are physical agents of erosion, weathering and deposition that act upon exposed rock and sediments to produce landforms. Factors affecting crop production climatic edaphic. Jun 07, 2017 the degree of slope determines the speed of water. Inherent factors affecting soil ph inherent factors affecting soil ph such as climate, mineral content and soil texture cannot be changed. This paper discusses the two principal processes by which sheet erosion occurs and the six factors which effect the magnitude of the losses.
Soils, soil characteristics and factors affecting management. Bacxground section 208 of the federal water pollution control. Some soil factors influencing accelerated water erosion of arable land. Primary factors affecting water quality and quantity in four watersheds in eastern puerto rico sheila f. Most homeowners dont have to worry about the quality of the tap water coming out of their faucet. Inherent factors affecting bulk density and available water capacity inherent factors that affect bulk density such as soil texture cannot be changed.
Factors affecting adoption of soil and water conservation. Factors affecting the extent of wind erosion the media express. Social and economic factors affecting the adoption of soil. It also carries herbicides, sediments, soil texture residues, damaging nutrient contents, vegetation growth, and decreasing farm productivity, as well as affecting human health. When water flows downhill under gravity it follows the path of least resistance. This study evaluated the effects of some soil and water conservation swc techniques on soil productivity and bean yield. The processes are raindrop impact and transportation of soil particles by flowing water. Type of flow, gradient of channel, volumedischarge, crosssectional. Snow and melting ice also remove the top soil to considerable extents. Effect of soil and water conservation measures and challenges for its adoption. Erosion ls a natwally occurring part of the weathering process.
Factors affecting one factor that affects weathering is the total surface area of mineral or rock. Pdf evaluation of factors influencing water erosion in. A fast flowing stream erodes more than a slow moving one through hydraulic action and solution processes. In unstable soils, a second cause for the decrease in the infiltration rate with time is the deterioration of soil structure on the surface occurring during the infiltration process. Evaluation of factors affecting water erosion along skid trails.
Factors that affect water erosion from construction areas william g. Erosion the incorporation and transportation of weathering products by a mobile agent such as wind, water, ice. Deforestation is the commonest factor which is responsible for soil erosion. The laws of these factors varying with the slope gradient were investigated by using the kinematic wave theory. Processes of soil formation 2,500 years the five factors of soil formation control four general processes responsible for soil. Methods for predicting soil loss from agricultural lends appear to be well esteblished and can be generally applied to farmlands. In this section, you will investigate several different types of soil and materials to see how water.
Excessive grazing, deforestation, undesirable forest biota, and mechanical practices by man are important factors which cause soil erosion. This includes rainfall characteristics, atmospheric temperature and wind velocity. In nature the rate at which water erosion occurs is controlled by gentle slopes and vegetative cover. Aug 16, 20 the attempts to determine the key factors effect on water consumption showed that the explanatory power of the factors toward water consumption is modest more often than not, with r 2 values of no more than 0. Chakrapani department of earth sciences, indian institute of technology, roorkee 247 667, india sediment transfer from continents to oceans via rivers is one of the important processes regulating river. These soils are at greater risk of erosion by water and wind.
Influences of slope gradient on soil erosion springerlink. After reading this article you will learn about wind erosion. Factors affecting soil formation soils form from the interplay of five main factors namely parent material, time, climate, relief and organisms. Ethiopia in focus article pdf available in journal of environmental science and technology 74. Natural soil ph reflects the combined effects ofsoilforming factors parent material, time, relief or topography, climate, and organisms. Globally, changes in land use, climate and other factors have altered the historic patterns of transport and discharge, with significant changes to river shape, processes, sediment dynamics and water quality.
A regional synthesis of riverine discharge and water quality cannot succeed without highquality characterization, utilizing a geographic information system gis approach, of the landscape in which the rivers are embedded. Erosion is the wearing away of the earths surface by the action of natural forces, for example, water, wind and glacial ice. Inherent factors affecting bulk density and available. Soil physical properties affecting soil erosion 235 potential, one of the forces drawing water into the soil, which occurs as the infiltration process proceeds. Factors affecting crop production climatic edaphic biotic physiographic and socio economic factors. This refers to the mineral material or organic material from which the soil is formed. The factors are length and per cent slope, cropping, soil, management and rainfall. It is an effective technique for cutting down erosion.
Soil physical properties affecting soil erosion in. The amount of water in the air and the temperature of an area are both part of an areas climate. Natural soil ph reflects the combined effects of the soilforming factors parent material, time, relief or topography, climate, and organisms. It is already known to you that erosion causes changes on the surface of the earth.
946 490 405 232 526 277 958 136 680 339 1214 558 1207 274 299 122 1113 1403 1093 985 690 299 8 638 1 420 397 30 1416 1445 364 358